PhD

Aspirant (Latin aspirant - seeking for something) - doctoral studies in Russia, Ukraine, former USSR and some of the states that were formed after its breakup; In the years 1951-1958 also in the People's Republic of Poland.

After obtaining a master's degree or equivalent of a professional title, a person who wanted to write a doctorate in the USSR was an aspirant and had a doctoral degree (Russian aspirate). The aspirant's duties included the completion of a three year doctoral program (Russian aspirantúra), during which he included a number of compulsory occupations that raised the academic qualifications and under the so-called. The pedagogical practice participated as an observer in more experienced lecturers (this practice was at least 50 hours = 75 hours). Aspirantura ended (in addition to writing the dissertation itself) according to 3 examinations - (1) from scientific specialization; (2) from a foreign language; (3) of philosophy. In 2005 the examination of philosophy was replaced by an examination of the history and philosophy of science. Writing a dissertation, listening to prescribed assignments, practicing and passing the required exams was a prerequisite for admitting an aspirant to his doctoral dissertation.

In essence, aspirantura was the prototype of the Bologna process of compulsory doctoral studies currently being introduced in Europe. The system in the USSR was different from the modern European one, that separate qualification studies were also applied after obtaining a degree of "candidate for sciences" (= doctorate, while "habilitated doctor"). Take another study.

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