Introspekcjonizm

Introspection, introspective psychology - a technique of data collection, developed by nineteenth-century psychologists, among others. Wundt, emphasizing the direct and subjective examination of consciousness - introspection.

Research on perception was conducted from the point of view of natural sciences. This was due to the tendency of nineteenth-century thinking to transform the fields of human philosophy into empirical science. Psychology was to be the basic humanistic discipline of this transformation. The psychological introspection was understood as individual consciousness - the subject of her research was the psyche of any human individual - identified with consciousness.

The introspective method (introspection) was an empirical method, because it allowed to directly examine the psychic phenomena. Dependent on the internal observation of their own states of psychic experiences, their direct view was possible only by the individual that given the condition. (Self-observation). Knowledge gained in this way was considered to be the only knowledge of certainty.

The subject of introspection studies is individual psychology. According to her, what is mental is what is conscious and subjective. Mental states have specific properties, other than properties attributed to physical things. They have no causal dimension or spatial dimension, only a temporal dimension. Introspective psychology is the study of man and his spirituality. The indirect method for introspection is extraspection, which is based on analogy (when someone behaves in some way, we can assume from experience how to feel). This method is epistemologically worse, the knowledge obtained in this way is not reliable and reliable. Introspection was rejected by behavioralists who, in her place, proposed a study of behavior - observable for all and comparable. Finally, it was concluded that introspection did not meet the requirements of the empirical research methodology considered psychological.

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