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Joseph de Maistre (portret malował Karl Vogel von Vogelstein ok. 1810)

Joseph hr. de Maistre (born 1 April 1753 in Chambéry, died 26 February 1821 in Turin) is a Savoyard political philosopher, official and diplomat. One of the creators of traditionalist conservatism in his version known as traditionalism, legitimacy and ultramontanism. The most prominent of the conservative political writers of the French Revolution, Freemasonry.

Curriculum vitae

Although J. de Maistre was born in Savoy as a slave to Charles Emanuel III, his family was of French origin, settling in Savoy in the 17th century. However, de Maistre did not use Italian language, he did not consider himself Italian, or Frenchman (as he often attributes), but the Sabaudian. His father, as a lawyer and court official, was awarded the title of Count (which allowed him to be called the noblesse de robe) in 1780, that is, when Joseph was 27 years old. J. de Maistre was brought up in a very religious atmosphere and under the raw eyes of his parents. In the years 1769-1772 he studied law in Turin, and in the years 1772-1774 he practiced as an advocate. Then he worked as a lower-ranking government official. In 1788 he became a senator (higher official title), which allowed him to be included in the administrative and court elite. At that time, he was a liberal in the Sabaudia and a supporter of the philosophy of enlightenment, linking it with classical philosophy, which he had learned immensely through his excellent knowledge of Latin and Greek. He worked in secret freemasonry societies, in the specific Savoyian freemasonry of mystical, esoteric and kabbalistic tendencies (this irrational element distinguishes Savoy Freemasonry from Rationalistic Freemasonry). In Freemasonry he reached a higher degree of initiation, possibly obtaining the degree of "kohena" (a kind of masonry commander) in Turin. He was then considered a proponent of social contract, constitutionalism and reforms aimed at eliminating absolutism, sympathy for the American Revolution, which he expressed in numerous speeches and publications in the form of pamphlets. He also welcomed the outbreak of the French Revolution, seeing in it a chance to abolish the remains of feudal survivors. Conservatives in the world Conservatives in Poland Related topics

The change of worldview was only the invasion of the revolutionary French troops into Savoy in 1792. As an aristocrat and royal official had to flee to Switzerland, leaving his pregnant wife in his place - he saw her with his daughter only in 1817. During this time he stayed in emigration, not enjoying the sympathy of the court suspected him for many years for hidden pro-revolutionary sympathies. He refused to return to his country and family despite the numerous proposals and guarantees of inviolability by the Directorate, and even the personal assurances of Napoleon Bonaparte, who had been strongly impressed by his political reflections after receiving the letters of J. de Maistre addressed to emigrant emigration. He did not return, seeing in his betrayal of the monarch and the recognition of the annexation of Savoy by France. During his stay in Switzerland, revolving around Catholic priests, he renounced esoteric and heterodox religious views, rejected revolutionary ideas, and went to the opposite position of the revolution. There he also wrote his first great political work, The Considerations of France (Considérations sur la France, 1796).

Later he stayed in Venice (1799), then in Sardinia (1803), where he went as an ambassador to Russia, where he lived in St. Petersburg until 1817. There he also founded his most important philosophical and political treatises, even if they were published only many years later. In Petersburg, he took part in the politics of the court of Tsar Alexander I, whose post

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