Typology of languages

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Typology is a field of linguistics that deals with languages ​​because of their characteristics (grammatical, phonetic, lexical). Unlike genetic classifications, they do not group languages ​​according to their origin. In genetic classification (see historical linguistics), languages ​​are grouped into families that share a common ancestor, and typology combines different, often unrelated languages, into types.

General typology is a part of general linguistics. It examines linguistic universes, ie, similar or identical in all languages ​​of the world. For example, in each language there are consonants and vowels, and the number of vowels of the lower degree of (e, o) is less than or equal to the number of vowels of a higher degree of stenosis (i, y, u).

Contrastive typology examines differences between languages. For example, the number of phonemes in some Caucasian languages ​​exceeds 80, in Polish it is about 40, and there are languages ​​in which it falls below 20. The contrasting typology also examines the volume of lexicons in the languages ​​of the world.

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